{"id":3172,"date":"2025-05-18T15:10:27","date_gmt":"2025-05-18T15:10:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/healthyretirementnews.com\/index.php\/2025\/05\/18\/the-gift-of-life-a-visual-history-of-organ-transplantation\/"},"modified":"2025-05-18T15:10:27","modified_gmt":"2025-05-18T15:10:27","slug":"the-gift-of-life-a-visual-history-of-organ-transplantation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/healthyretirementnews.com\/index.php\/2025\/05\/18\/the-gift-of-life-a-visual-history-of-organ-transplantation\/","title":{"rendered":"The gift of life: A visual history of organ transplantation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/action-bar\/instances\/cmar3jmp4000r26qg9y2icpjs@published\" data-label-id-prefix=\"action-bar-start-of-article\" class=\"action-bar\" data-dynamic-breakpoint-placement=\"{&quot;extraLarge&quot;:{&quot;placement&quot;:&quot;.layout-article-elevate__left&quot;}}\" 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class=\"social-share_labelled-list__share-links--label\">Link<\/span>        <\/button>        <\/p>\n<div class=\"social-share_labelled-list__copied\" data-type=\"message\">                        Link Copied!        <\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>    <button class=\"social-share_labelled-list__open\" data-type=\"open\" aria-label=\"open social share\" title=\"Open social share\">            <\/button>    <button class=\"social-share_labelled-list__close\" data-type=\"close\" aria-label=\"close social share\" title=\"Close social share\">            <\/button><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"action-bar__buttons\">            <button class=\"action-bar__button\" data-title=\"follow\">                                        Follow            <\/button>            <button class=\"action-bar__button\" data-title=\"share options\">                                <\/button>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3jmp4000t26qgbx0tewbw@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            There were more than 48,000 organ transplants in the United States last year. They\u2019re commonplace now, but the practice was considered experimental only a half-century ago.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar8ukux001a3b6nlcbnu293@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Until just the past few years, transplants almost always involved human organs. Now, early experiments in xenotransplantation \u2014 transplanting animal organs into humans \u2014 are creating potential pathways to save lives.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar8ur4j001g3b6n4d5iurqw@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Here\u2019s a look back at how we got to this point.    <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"subheader inline-placeholder subheader-elevate\" data-editable=\"text\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/subheader\/instances\/cmar3pg6m00053b6n4bg9oowh@published\" data-component-name=\"subheader\" id=\"are-animals-the-answer\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">        Are animals the answer?<\/h2>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/image\/instances\/cmard00r300023b6mw8ha00oy@published\" class=\"image_large-elevate image_large__hide-placeholder\" data-image-variation=\"image_large\" data-name=\"still_21506559_1929568.598_still.jpg\" data-component-name=\"image\" data-observe-resizes=\"\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_large--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_large--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_large--eq-large&quot;: 660}\" data-original-ratio=\"0.5625\" data-original-height=\"1080\" data-original-width=\"1920\" data-url=\"https:\/\/media.cnn.com\/api\/v1\/images\/stellar\/prod\/still-21506559-1929568-598-still.jpg?c=original\" data-editable=\"settings\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">\n<div class=\"image_large__container \" data-image-variation=\"image_large\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_large--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_large--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_large--show-credits&quot;: 525}\">           <\/div>\n<div class=\"image_large__metadata-container media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"image_large__metadata media__metadata\">\n<div class=\"image_large__caption attribution\">    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Pigs that have been genetically edited to make their organs more compatible with the human body are the latest frontier in organ transplantation.<\/span>  <\/div><figcaption class=\"image_large__credit\">CNN<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3johl00003b6nvhyu98im@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Xenotransplantation, the practice of transplanting organs between species, is a concept that has been around for hundreds of years.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar8rian00063b6mgrmksmip@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Early in the 20th century, Dr. Mathieu Jaboulay turned the idea into action with one of the first well-documented attempts to make an animal organ work for a human. In 1906 in Lyon, France, Jaboulay attached a pig kidney to a 48-year-old woman\u2019s elbow, choosing that spot because it was easy to access. Blood circulated through the kidney, and the kidney produced urine, something even some human donations in this period failed to do, studies show.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7ad2800023b6n0sbge5vx@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            The pig kidney quickly failed, and the patient died soon after due to an infection.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7ad2800033b6nvyf60txs@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cThe lack of having ready<strong> <\/strong>access to human organs has always sort of been the holy grail, that you would have something in reserve that didn\u2019t require a human to die in order for another human to live,\u201d said Dr. Jeffrey Stern, a senior member of the NYU Langone Transplant Institute\u2019s xenotransplantation team. \u201cObviously, animals as that source is sort of an ideal version of that.\u201d    <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"subheader inline-placeholder subheader-elevate\" data-editable=\"text\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/subheader\/instances\/cmar3r11l000d3b6n1nvbx5tu@published\" data-component-name=\"subheader\" id=\"the-first-successful-human-transplant\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">        The first successful human transplant<\/h2>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/image\/instances\/cmar8v49000013b6mw787zh4e@published\" class=\"image_expandable-elevate portrait image_expandable__hide-placeholder\" data-image-variation=\"image_expandable\" data-name=\"03_GettyImages-515256108.jpg\" data-component-name=\"image\" data-observe-resizes=\"\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_expandable--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_expandable--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_expandable--eq-large&quot;: 660}\" data-original-ratio=\"1.3696666666666666\" data-original-height=\"4109\" data-original-width=\"3000\" data-url=\"https:\/\/media.cnn.com\/api\/v1\/images\/stellar\/prod\/03-gettyimages-515256108.jpg?c=original\" data-editable=\"settings\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__container \" data-image-variation=\"image_expandable\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_expandable--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_expandable--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_expandable--show-credits&quot;: 525}\">           <\/div>\n<div class=\"image_expandable__metadata-container media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__metadata media__metadata\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__caption attribution\">    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Ronald Herrick wheels identical twin Richard out of the hospital after their kidney transplant.<\/span>  <\/div><figcaption class=\"image_expandable__credit\">Bettmann Archive\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/image\/instances\/cmar99qy8000d3b6mmyalkjoy@published\" class=\"image_expandable-elevate portrait image_expandable__hide-placeholder\" data-image-variation=\"image_expandable\" data-name=\"04_1954-kidney-transplant-2.jpg\" data-component-name=\"image\" data-observe-resizes=\"\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_expandable--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_expandable--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_expandable--eq-large&quot;: 660}\" data-original-ratio=\"1.3693333333333333\" data-original-height=\"4108\" data-original-width=\"3000\" data-url=\"https:\/\/media.cnn.com\/api\/v1\/images\/stellar\/prod\/04-1954-kidney-transplant-2.jpg?c=original\" data-editable=\"settings\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__container \" data-image-variation=\"image_expandable\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_expandable--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_expandable--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_expandable--show-credits&quot;: 525}\">           <\/div>\n<div class=\"image_expandable__metadata-container media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__metadata media__metadata\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__caption attribution\">    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Richard Herrick lived eight years after receiving his twin&#8217;s kidney.<\/span>  <\/div><figcaption class=\"image_expandable__credit\">Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3rhpv000g3b6natpa7hwn@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            In 1954, the world\u2019s first successful human organ transplant was performed by Dr. Joseph E. Murray at what\u2019s now called Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital in Boston.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7d01t00053b6n4piyl537@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Murray took a kidney from 22-year-old Ronald Herrick and transplanted it into Richard Herrick, his twin brother. Because they were identical, Richard\u2019s immune system thought the new organ was its own, which prevented it from rejecting the foreign organ. Richard Herrick lived another eight years, and his organ donor brother had no harmful side effects.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7d01t00063b6nq40bbebc@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cI think that really moved the field,\u201d said Dr. Stefan Tullius, chief of the Division of Transplant Surgery at Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7d01t00073b6nnfj6e73z@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            <em>\u201c<\/em>What that did show is that if you have the right combination and relationship between donor and recipient, then you indeed can transplant an organ and that is going to work,\u201d Tullius added.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7d01t00083b6nbrg3xwdq@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Since immunosuppressive drugs were not yet available, transplant experiments seemed to work only with twins whose immune systems thought the foreign organ were their own.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7d01t00093b6nru1t9avs@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cYou still ran into all those issues for the next 30 years with the immune system,\u201d said Stern, who is also an assistant professor in the Department of Surgery at NYU Grossman School of Medicine. \u201cNot everyone has an identical twin.\u201d    <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"subheader inline-placeholder subheader-elevate\" data-editable=\"text\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/subheader\/instances\/cmar3s097000l3b6nbg91ootv@published\" data-component-name=\"subheader\" id=\"more-donors\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">        More donors<\/h2>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/image\/instances\/cmar93xpn00093b6m58mm2saa@published\" class=\"image-elevate image__hide-placeholder\" data-image-variation=\"image\" data-name=\"05_GettyImages-119266712.jpg\" data-component-name=\"image\" data-observe-resizes=\"\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image--eq-large&quot;: 660}\" data-original-ratio=\"0.6776666666666666\" data-original-height=\"2033\" data-original-width=\"3000\" data-url=\"https:\/\/media.cnn.com\/api\/v1\/images\/stellar\/prod\/05-gettyimages-119266712.jpg?c=original\" data-editable=\"settings\">\n<div class=\"image__container \" data-image-variation=\"image\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image--show-credits&quot;: 525}\">           <\/div>\n<div class=\"image__metadata-container media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"image__metadata media__metadata\">\n<div class=\"image__caption attribution\">    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Dr. Joseph Murray carried out the first successful kidney transplant in 1954 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for his success.<\/span>  <\/div><figcaption class=\"image__credit\">Bill Polo\/The Boston Globe\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3qsoh000b3b6nj8gme10z@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            In the 1960s, Murray demonstrated in several experiments with dogs that an organ transplant would be more successful if the recipient received drugs to suppress the immune system after the procedure, to lower the chances of rejection.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7sy8s00013b6nkaazqvcx@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            In April 1962, in a world first that built on what he learned from those experiments, Murphy transplanted a kidney from a deceased donor into an unrelated human who was treated with an immunosuppressant called azathioprine. The patient survived more than a year, and s survival time lengthened even further when doctors discovered that an immunosuppressant worked better if given along with the steroid prednisone.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7sy8s00023b6nxbpe8now@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            In June 1963, one of Murray\u2019s research fellows, Belgian surgeon Dr. Guy Alexandre, performed the first transplant operation from a brain-dead donor, a controversial procedure at the time. Alexandre had been searching for a kidney for a patient with renal failure when a woman who had been in a car accident was brought in to<strong> <\/strong>his H\u00f4pital Saint-Pierre in Brussels. Her heart was beating, but she showed no brain activity. Knowing that organs lost viability as soon as a patient\u2019s heart stopped, Alexandre got permission from his department chair to transplant the woman\u2019s kidney into his patient with renal failure. The recipient lived another 87 days.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7sy8s00033b6n5773bm79@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Over the next couple of years, Alexandre secretly performed other kidney transplants using brain-dead donors to see if such an approach would lengthen survival time<strong> <\/strong>compared with transplants from donors whose hearts had stopped.<strong> <\/strong>He disclosed the experiments at a medical conference a couple years later, to mixed reactions.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7sy8s00043b6n81hydkhr@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            It wasn\u2019t until 1968 that a Harvard Medical School committee published its recommendation that irreversible loss of brain function \u2013 once called \u201cirreversible coma\u201d \u2013 would be a new criterion for death. Afterward, transplants involving brain-dead donors became more common, vastly expanding the pool of available organs.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7sy8s00053b6neekslfeq@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cTo come up with the definition of brain death as an alternative to cardiac death \u2013 so the discontinuation of circulation \u2013 was huge, because it allowed the procurement of organs,\u201d Tullius said. <strong> <\/strong>    <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"subheader inline-placeholder subheader-elevate\" data-editable=\"text\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/subheader\/instances\/cmar3san4000n3b6nyen134i7@published\" data-component-name=\"subheader\" id=\"trial-and-error\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">        Trial and error<\/h2>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/image\/instances\/cmar8xp5600073b6m9836p6fb@published\" class=\"image_expandable-elevate image_expandable__hide-placeholder\" data-image-variation=\"image_expandable\" data-name=\"06_GettyImages-2155263006.jpg\" data-component-name=\"image\" data-observe-resizes=\"\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_expandable--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_expandable--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_expandable--eq-large&quot;: 660}\" data-original-ratio=\"0.6666666666666666\" data-original-height=\"2000\" data-original-width=\"3000\" data-url=\"https:\/\/media.cnn.com\/api\/v1\/images\/stellar\/prod\/06-gettyimages-2155263006.jpg?c=original\" data-editable=\"settings\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__container \" data-image-variation=\"image_expandable\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_expandable--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_expandable--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_expandable--show-credits&quot;: 525}\">           <\/div>\n<div class=\"image_expandable__metadata-container media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__metadata media__metadata\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__caption attribution\">    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Louis Washkansky received the world&#8217;s first heart transplant in 1967 but died 18 days later of a lung infection.<\/span>  <\/div><figcaption class=\"image_expandable__credit\">UPI\/Bettmann Archive\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/image\/instances\/cmar99ekw000b3b6m1vcf1p79@published\" class=\"image_expandable-elevate image_expandable__hide-placeholder\" data-image-variation=\"image_expandable\" data-name=\"07_GettyImages-163166511.jpg\" data-component-name=\"image\" data-observe-resizes=\"\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_expandable--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_expandable--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_expandable--eq-large&quot;: 660}\" data-original-ratio=\"0.6666666666666666\" data-original-height=\"2000\" data-original-width=\"3000\" data-url=\"https:\/\/media.cnn.com\/api\/v1\/images\/stellar\/prod\/07-gettyimages-163166511.jpg?c=original\" data-editable=\"settings\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__container \" data-image-variation=\"image_expandable\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_expandable--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_expandable--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_expandable--show-credits&quot;: 525}\">           <\/div>\n<div class=\"image_expandable__metadata-container media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__metadata media__metadata\">\n<div class=\"image_expandable__caption attribution\">    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Isabelle Dinoire, who lost part of her face in a dog attack, was the recipient of the world&#8217;s first partial face transplant in 2005.<\/span>  <\/div><figcaption class=\"image_expandable__credit\">Bernard Wis\/Paris Match\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3rwhj000j3b6nvx6z3g06@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Transplant doctors started experimenting with kidneys because humans have two and can survive with only one. Patients also had the option of dialysis if the transplant failed. But the more the doctors learned, the more confident they became that they could transplant other organs.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar8im6500033b6mfw20o352@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            By the late 1960s, they started to experiment with livers and pancreases, and in 1967, South African surgeon Dr. Christiaan Barnard of Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town performed the first heart transplant. He transplanted a 25-year-old\u2019s heart into a 53-year-old grocer who was dying from chronic heart disease. The grocer died 18 days later from a lung infection, but the heart continued to beat until his death.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7wr9z00073b6nvak8f15l@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Barnard\u2019s second heart transplant patient lived almost 19 months. His fifth and sixth patients lived for almost 13 and 24 years, respectively.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7wr9z00083b6n1k9qldr5@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            By the 1990s, immunosuppressants like cyclosporine and tacrolimus opened new possibilities for transplants of multiple tissues. In 1998, Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard did the first surgical hand transplant in Lyon, France. In 2005, he and Dr. Bernard Devauchelle performed the first partial face transplant for Isabelle Dinoire, a woman who lost part of her face in a dog attack. In 2010, a Spanish team led by Dr. Juan Barret performed the first full-face transplant.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar7wr9z00093b6n2a4zbo1u@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cThere\u2019s the first 30 years of transplantation that everything was sort of experimental, right?\u201d Stern said. \u201cIt wasn\u2019t a commonplace endeavor that we do what we currently do, and it was a lot of trial and error and survival, and sort of the entire field of transplantation, I think, was very tenuous in that. It was adaptation and invention of new technologies that allowed transplantation to become commonplace.\u201d    <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"subheader inline-placeholder subheader-elevate\" data-editable=\"text\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/subheader\/instances\/cmar3sqa2000s3b6nu9or6psm@published\" data-component-name=\"subheader\" id=\"baby-fae\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">        Baby Fae<\/h2>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/image\/instances\/cmar8vy8f00033b6m4ms6re27@published\" class=\"image_large-elevate image_large__hide-placeholder\" data-image-variation=\"image_large\" data-name=\"08_GettyImages-515427716.jpg\" data-component-name=\"image\" data-observe-resizes=\"\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_large--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_large--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_large--eq-large&quot;: 660}\" data-original-ratio=\"0.6653333333333333\" data-original-height=\"1996\" data-original-width=\"3000\" data-url=\"https:\/\/media.cnn.com\/api\/v1\/images\/stellar\/prod\/08-gettyimages-515427716.jpg?c=original\" data-editable=\"settings\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">\n<div class=\"image_large__container \" data-image-variation=\"image_large\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image_large--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image_large--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image_large--show-credits&quot;: 525}\">           <\/div>\n<div class=\"image_large__metadata-container media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"image_large__metadata media__metadata\">\n<div class=\"image_large__caption attribution\">    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Dr. Leonard Bailey got special permission to transplant a baboon heart into Baby Fae in 1984.<\/span>  <\/div><figcaption class=\"image_large__credit\">Bettmann Archive\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3tcx9000v3b6nqvstxof3@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            In 1984, Dr. Leonard Bailey tried to save the life of Stephanie Fae Beauclair at Loma Linda University in California. The child, who became known as Baby Fae, was born with a deadly heart condition, and Bailey, who had been experimenting with cross-species transplants in animals, got permission to transplant a baboon heart. Stephanie lived just 21 more days, but the case generated more awareness about the need for infant organ donations and the possibility of cross-species transplantation.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar8yb6p00083b6mtqdxauj2@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Eventually, scientists decided that primates, although evolutionarily the closest cousin to humans, weren\u2019t the best organ donors.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar81wa7000b3b6n50wga60k@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cPrimates turned out to be too small, too expensive and too controversial,\u201d said medical ethicist Dr. Art Caplan, who works with transplant cases at NYU. There was also a concern about infection. Non-human primates may carry a variety of pathogens that are not harmful to them but that can cause disease in humans, including Marburg virus and HIV.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar81wa7000d3b6nmls2yvrn@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Eventually, scientists realized that pigs would be a better option: They\u2019re anatomically similar to humans, they breed quickly, and there was a reduced risk of zoonotic disease.    <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"subheader inline-placeholder subheader-elevate\" data-editable=\"text\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/subheader\/instances\/cmar3tm8v000x3b6ngsxe0cpj@published\" data-component-name=\"subheader\" id=\"nobel-winning-technology\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">        Nobel-winning technology<\/h2>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/interactive-video\/instances\/cmar8bxtp00123b6nlu5hj6xg@published\" class=\"interactive-video-elevate\" data-component-name=\"interactive-video\" data-editable=\"settings\">\n<div class=\"interactive-video__container\">            <video class=\"interactive-video__player\" loop=\"\" muted=\"\" autoplay=\"\" playsinline=\"\"><\/video>        <\/div>\n<div class=\"interactive-video-elevate__metadata media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"interactive-video__caption media__metadata\">                    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Scientists at United Therapeutics genetically modify a pig cell<\/span><figcaption class=\"interactive-video__credit\">CNN<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3twyo00103b6nnr7yiqim@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Research in xenotransplantation stalled until the development of the gene editing tool CRISPR in the early 2000s. This Nobel-winning technology gave scientists the ability to edit the pig genome to make it more compatible with humans\u2019, including knocking out key sequences in pig DNA that would result in almost automatic organ rejection in people. Combining that with cloning techniques gave scientists a chance to maintain consistent genetics and produce universal pig donors.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar826wg000f3b6naiyoij5k@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cCloning and to apply CRISPR, to have the opportunity of gene editing, is really allowing not only transplantation but is also relevant for other areas of medicine,\u201d Tullius said. \u201cI would put those in the revolutionary category.\u201d    <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"subheader inline-placeholder subheader-elevate\" data-editable=\"text\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/subheader\/instances\/cmar3ud5l00153b6n5q11yh52@published\" data-component-name=\"subheader\" id=\"one-step-closer\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">        One step closer<\/h2>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/image\/instances\/cmar9wv7v000f3b6mm6hml8yv@published\" class=\"image-elevate image__hide-placeholder\" data-image-variation=\"image\" data-name=\"Carrotta_NYU-Xenotransplant-214.jpg\" data-component-name=\"image\" data-observe-resizes=\"\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image--eq-large&quot;: 660}\" data-original-ratio=\"0.6666666666666666\" data-original-height=\"2000\" data-original-width=\"3000\" data-url=\"https:\/\/media.cnn.com\/api\/v1\/images\/stellar\/prod\/carrotta-nyu-xenotransplant-214.jpg?c=original\" data-editable=\"settings\">\n<div class=\"image__container \" data-image-variation=\"image\" data-breakpoints=\"{&quot;image--eq-extra-small&quot;: 115, &quot;image--eq-small&quot;: 300, &quot;image--show-credits&quot;: 525}\">           <\/div>\n<div class=\"image__metadata-container media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"image__metadata media__metadata\">\n<div class=\"image__caption attribution\">    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Dr. Robert Montgomery performs the first xenotransplantation of a genetically engineered nonhuman kidney into a human at NYU Langone Health.<\/span>  <\/div><figcaption class=\"image__credit\">Joe Carrotta\/NYU Langone Health<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3so2o000q3b6nq9eom2im@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Pig organs had been transplanted into non-human primates, but the real test came in September 2021, when a genetically engineered pig kidney was transplanted to a brain-dead patient at NYU Langone.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar8uqnm001e3b6ni2mwu1xc@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            The kidney was attached to the blood vessels in the recipient\u2019s upper leg, outside the abdomen, for 54 hours while doctors studied how well it functioned. The organ seemed to function as well as a human kidney transplant, and the doctors did not see any signs of rejection.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82g1u000i3b6ngfs2s7yj@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cThe family graciously approved donation of their loved one\u2019s body for this procedure. That extraordinary generosity paved the way for this major step forward in creating a sustainable supply of life-saving organs and hopefully ending the current paradigm that someone has to die for someone to live,\u201d Montgomery said in a news release at the time.    <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"subheader inline-placeholder subheader-elevate\" data-editable=\"text\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/subheader\/instances\/cmar3wy1b00173b6ntz6wdv9s@published\" data-component-name=\"subheader\" id=\"making-history\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">        Making history<\/h2>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/interactive-video\/instances\/cmar9805e001j3b6n3lv8cen3@published\" class=\"interactive-video-elevate\" data-component-name=\"interactive-video\" data-editable=\"settings\">\n<div class=\"interactive-video__container\">            <video class=\"interactive-video__player\" loop=\"\" muted=\"\" autoplay=\"\" playsinline=\"\"><\/video>        <\/div>\n<div class=\"interactive-video-elevate__metadata media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"interactive-video__caption media__metadata\">                    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Surgeons at the University of Maryland Medical Center prepare the pig heart to be transplanted into David Bennett<\/span><figcaption class=\"interactive-video__credit\">University of Maryland Medical Center<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3u9g600133b6nvw3kgwbx@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            On January 7, 2022, surgeons at the University of Maryland School of Medicine performed the first xenotransplant into a living person.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar90hws000a3b6mtspt6ej7@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            David Bennett, 57, could not walk and relied on an artificial lung and heart bypass machine to stay alive. He was too sick to qualify for a human heart but was able to undergo the experimental procedure under the US Food and Drug Administration\u2019s compassionate use pathway, which allows patients with no other alternatives to try experimental treatments.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82obo000k3b6n8odxqqbf@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            He lived two additional months, having the chance to spend more time with his family and watch the Super Bowl.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82obo000l3b6nqm6hdut2@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cAs with any first-in-the-world transplant surgery, this one led to valuable insights that will hopefully inform transplant surgeons to improve outcomes and potentially provide lifesaving benefits to future patients,\u201d said his surgeon, Dr. Bartley Griffith.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82obo000m3b6nfhgitte0@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            Bennett was the first of a handful of compassionate use xenotransplant patients. But as researchers approach clinical trials, they hope they will have a better understanding of how successful the organs can be under more typical circumstances.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82obo000n3b6nst4ye1f2@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cThe promise of xenotransplantation is the promise of hope for our patients. A hope for the future that for too long has been uncertain. It is hope turned to possibility turned to reality. Our patients can dream again about graduations, weddings \u2026 about life. Hope should not have to be rationed,\u201d said Dr. Jayme Locke, a professor of surgery at NYU Langone.    <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"subheader inline-placeholder subheader-elevate\" data-editable=\"text\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/subheader\/instances\/cmar3xbvn001c3b6n6mbwml6o@published\" data-component-name=\"subheader\" id=\"custom-organs\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">        Custom organs<\/h2>\n<div data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/interactive-video\/instances\/cmar83p2e000v3b6npgokbkp9@published\" class=\"interactive-video-elevate\" data-component-name=\"interactive-video\" data-editable=\"settings\">\n<div class=\"interactive-video__container\">            <video class=\"interactive-video__player\" loop=\"\" muted=\"\" autoplay=\"\" playsinline=\"\"><\/video>        <\/div>\n<div class=\"interactive-video-elevate__metadata media__metadata-container\">\n<div class=\"interactive-video__caption media__metadata\">                    <span data-editable=\"metaCaption\" class=\"inline-placeholder\">Miromatrix is working to bioengineer organs.<\/span><figcaption class=\"interactive-video__credit\">Miromatrix<\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar3x8mx001a3b6nbkzxg3mo@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cMultiple shots on goal\u201d is how geneticist Dr.<strong> <\/strong>David Ayares<strong> <\/strong>describes United Therapeutics\u2019 approach to the future of organ transplantation.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82v3b000p3b6n11yffxg4@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            This summer, the company will embark on the first FDA clinical trial of xenotransplantation.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82v3b000q3b6ne7jhgkla@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cSo instead of one-off compassionate use transplants that were very valuable in learning how to optimize and extend the survival of these patients, now we can go into a multicenter trial,\u201d Ayares, president and chief scientific officer of Revivicor, a United Therapeutics subsidiary, told Gupta.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82v3b000r3b6n1bzh9ri1@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            But that still won\u2019t be enough to solve the organ shortage completely, so United Therapeutics and others in the transplant community are continuing to think farther into the future. \u201cI think the next thing we\u2019re going to do is \u2026 create personalized organs where we don\u2019t have to use any immunosuppression,\u201d Montgomery said of what he expects down the road.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82v3b000s3b6nqwr1t0rp@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            This could mean using a pig\u2019s organ as scaffolding where scientists could seed human stem cells, or even 3D-printing organs.    <\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph-elevate inline-placeholder vossi-paragraph\" data-uri=\"cms.cnn.com\/_components\/paragraph\/instances\/cmar82v3b000t3b6nq4hb6go2@published\" data-editable=\"text\" data-component-name=\"paragraph\" data-article-gutter=\"true\">            \u201cThen you have a designer organ for that person when they need it,\u201d Montgomery said.    <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div>This post appeared first on cnn.com<\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Animal stories Genetics New in medicine See all topics Facebook Tweet Email Link Link 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